Geography of the Arab land, borders, topography, and climate. Sections of the Arab land The origin of the Arabs and their classes. The origin of the word Arabs. Arab Bedouins Arabs of pure descent. Arabized Arabs The ancient Arab states in the south, the Ma’inid state, the Sabaean state The Himyarite state The external aggression against Yemen, Abyssinian invasion The Persian invasion The Arab states in the Levant, and Iraq. The Nabataean state and the Ghassaind state The state of Mandare and the state of Palmyra The cities of Hejaz, the location of Mecca, its history and religious importance Yathrib’s location and history Taif’s location and history Conditions of the Arabs before the advent of Islam, political and economic conditions Social and religious conditions

Definition of the term history through the ages – the science of history in language and terminology The importance of studying history and its objectives The position of history among the sciences, is history a science? History method, characteristics of the historian Division of historical stages : the ancient era, the middle ages, the modern era and the contemporary era Stages of historical writing Writing curricula among Muslims Historical sources, historical origins and sources Archaeological writings and inscriptions The numismatics Architectural monuments and antiques History and other science: history, geography, economics and political economy History, politics and sociology science History, demographics and psychology science

Introduction to the ancient East and the characteristics of the civilization of the Nile valley, Mesopotamia, and the Levant. The Arabian Peninsula Egypt at the dawn of history, the beginning of the era of the pharaonic royal dynasties The most important aspects of pharaonic civilization, political, religious, social and economic life Architecture during the era of the pharaohs (building the pyramids) Foreign relations of the Nile valley during the era of the pharaohs Iraq at the dawn of history. The Sumerian dynasties and the Akkadian era Babylonian and Cassian era Assyrian era The levant in prehistoric times The dawn of metalwork The Amorites and the Canaanites Arameans, Hurrians, Metanians Historical era, Main, Sheba, Majan Bahrain, Najd, Al- Ahsa

Geography of Greece and its impact on their civilization The most important sources of Greek history and the factors that contributed to the emergence of Greek civilization Greek civilization: Mycenaean civilization The emergence of the city state and the influences that contributed to the growth and development of he city state System of the governance: the Greek dynasty, the spartan dynasty The Athenian dynasty Manifestations of civilization: political organization Economic and cultural life, Greek literature, science and philosophy Social organization Solon’s economic and political reforms The war with Carthage, the wars with the Persian empire Formation of political thought, the formation stage The identification stage, the elaboration Art and architecture, city planning, sculpture photography and medicine

Definitions and questions: definition of scientific research and it’s foundations Practical research approaches: experimental approach Statistical approach Historical approach Qualities to be found in the historical researcher Sciences assisting in history study: geography, language and literature Archeology, coins, document, economics, and political science Principles of historical research: choosing the appropriate topic Research plan: introduction, preface, sections, chapters Conclusion, appendices, list of sources and references Contents: arrangement of sources and references, and the systematic numbering of the research Methods of quoting from sources and references, and documenting Qur’anic verses Practical applications in research methodology The mental processes carried out by the researcher: the nature of the thesis, dissertation, and research

Maghreb in prehistoric times: the lower prehistoric, the middle prehistoric and the upper prehistoric The Oranian civilization, the Qafian civilization, the Neolithic era in Maghreb Egypt’s relations with the Maghreb during the era of the new kingdom, Libo and the Twenty-second Dynasty The inhabitants of ancient Maghreb before the migrations of the sea peoples, The Tahno, The Tamhou, The Meshwash and The Libo The Phoenicians, the origin and origin of the Phoenicians, the role of the Phoenicians in the Mediterranean, Phoenicians cities Maghreb in the Carthaginian era, the population of Maghreb in the Carthaginian era Manifestation of civilization in the Carthaginian era Political organization: army, economic life religious Greek – Carthaginian conflict Carthaginian – Roman conflict The Vandal occupation of the ancient Maghreb The first Punic war The second Punic war The third Punic war

This course is concerned with teaching the English language to beginners and getting acquainted with the rules of the English language. It also uses many words and terms to prepare students to study texts and terminology, read short texts in English, compose and translate simple sentences from English to Arabic, describe sentences, analyze texts, employ the rules of the English language in writing a topic, and translate from Fluent in English to Arabic and communicates positively with others

This course provides an overview of the principles of psychology and a historical overview of the development of this science and defining its subject, theoretical and applied trends, modern and contemporary schools, in addition to its curricula and research methods. It studies the nervous system and human behavior. This course is concerned with studying emotional and subconscious motivations, emotions, sensory perception, learning and its types, and memory. Language, thinking, individual differences and their measurement. It gives the student an idea about intelligence, its measurement and its relationship to the social environment. It seeks to provide the student with information about themselves and about human behavior in general.

In this course, the student studies the structures of the nominal sentence and the function of its counterparts, the grammatical positions of the subject or deputy in the verbal sentence, studies a number of tools in their different linguistic contexts, and a group of common linguistic errors and corrects them. The student practices applications of the listening and speaking skills, and applies the previous skills to texts. Literary reading and analysis, and paying attention to dividing the word, signs, parsing, construction, subject, predicate, the bound and open ta’, soft alif, hamzat al-wasl, qat’, punctuation marks, dictionaries, writing styles, and some poetic and prose literary texts.

The geographical nature of the Arab lands Conditions of Arabs before Islam Political and economic conditions Religious and social conditions The emergence of the Islamic call, the revelation, the Meccan role Migration to Abyssinia, the oath of fealty andmigration to Yathrib The establishment of the Arab-Islamic state/ constitution of Medina and building the mosque, legislation of Jihad and organizing the brigades The grand battles, the treat of Hudaybiyyah The conquest of Mecca. Battles of Hunayn, Ta’if and Tabuk, the farewell pilgrimage and the death of the prophet The saqifa meeting. Abu Bakr assuming the caliphate. Ridda wars The caliphate of omar ibn Al-khatab. Islamic conquests: causes and motivations.The conquest of Iraq, Persia, the levant, and Egypt The caliphat of Othman ibn Afan, the conquest of Barqa, Tripoli, and Africa The caliphat of Ali ibn Abi Talib. The issue of Sura and great strife. The battle of Aljamal The battle of Siffin, the arbitration, and the end of Rashidun era

The seeds of the Hellenistic civilization, communication between the East and Greece. Elements of Greek civilization, elements of Eastern civilization The interaction between Greek and the East, the role of Alexander, the city-state and its drawbacks The Persians and their control over the ancient East Philip and the control over Greece Alexander and the control over the East Alexander the establishment of the empire, and his death The meaning of Hellenistic and researcher’ opinion about it, feature of Hellenistic era The transition from city-state to world-state The fusion of Greek and Eastern civilization and its consequences Feature of system and civilization in the Seleucid empire, features of system and civilization in the Ptolemaic kingdom The Seleucids and their economic policies and role in rebuilding Asia Cleopatra and her relationship with Caesar and Antony of Rome, and the three Hellenistic kingdoms in the east The Greek wars, subjugation of the Seleucid kingdom, Egypt as a roman province

The general geographic features of the the Italian peninsula The rise of the Roman empire Features of the roman civilization The Roman law The roman art and architecture Sculpture and painting Engraving, writing tools Industry, trade The establishment of the republican system The problems of the republican system The Roman domination over Carthage The three cities region The conflict between the Romans and the Libyan tribes Factors of the collapse the Roman empire

History of India during prehistorical times Geographic overview: location, environment, topography A brief overview of the historical stages India during the lower Paleolithic The middle paleolithic The upper stone age. The middle stone age The most important cultural features of the Indian peninsula discovery of writing The The factors that facilitated the discovery of writing India during ancient historical times The Aryan Indians: political, social and economic life China during prehistoric times Features of civilization in China during historical times China during ancient historical times

This course is considered one of the applied courses in the field of the Arabic language, and it is among the courses that qualify students who are not specialists in the Arabic language to use the language at all levels of grammar, morphology, spelling, and text analysis in a way that achieves their reading, writing, and communication skills with high efficiency. It also seeks to introduce students to sentence rulings. The nominal ones and their annulants, and compares the work of the actual and literal annulants in them

This course is concerned with teaching the English language to beginners and getting acquainted with the rules of the English language. It also uses many words and terms to prepare students to study texts and terminology, read short texts in English, compose and translate simple sentences from English to Arabic, describe sentences, analyze texts, employ the rules of the English language in writing a topic, and translate from Fluent in English to Arabic and communicates positively with others

The Islamic culture course is concerned with the spiritual aspect of the student and instils and deepens the correct concepts of the sound and moderate Islamic religion by introducing him to revelation, the Qur’an, the etiquette of recitation, the types of revelation and the revelations of the Qur’an, in addition to the Sunnah and its definition, its types and its relationship to the Qur’an, with a focus on the concept of faith, the pillars of faith, the truth of Islam, the rules of Islam and the warning against Extremism in religion, then clarifying the aspect of worship, purity and its rulings, ablution, washing, tayammum, and prayer, their rulings and importance, and the ruling on abandoning them, then mentioning aspects of the Prophet’s biography

The national culture course deals with the study of several important topics in civil culture, political and social upbringing, the relationship of civil culture with education, the concept of patriotism and national belonging, the foundations of building civil society, the history and culture of Libyan society, and the study of the subject of human rights and issues related to cultural and societal security. From these, the student acquires skills, values, and behaviors that he can Through it, he understands what is required of him as a good citizen who loves his country, is proud of belonging to it, respects and adheres to its systems and institutions, how to preserve the unity of the country, its customs and traditions, address its social, economic, political and cultural problems, and learn about his rights and duties towards his society.

The name of Libya and its meaning The geographical location of ancient Libya Climate and its impact on the distribution of population of the ancient Libya Natural resources The Libyan desert in prehistoric times Artifacts Evidence of artifact Middle paleolithic Upper paleolithic Neolithic era The Libyan-Egyptian relations Ancient Libyan tribes Barqain Ptolemaic era Tripoli between the Phoenicians and Romans

Maghreb before the Islamic conquest A historical overview of the countries of Maghreb and the inhabitants of Maghreb Islamic conquests: the conquest of Barqa and Tripoli The conquest of Africa stages of completing the Arab-Islamic conquest The first governorship of Uqba ibn Nafi in Ifriqiya The Uqba campaign and the founding of Kairouan The governorship of Abu al-Muhajir Dinar The second governorship of Uqba Hassan bin Noman campaign Organization of Islamic administration in Maghreb The governorship of Musa bin Nusayr and his work The era of governors and the strife between the tribes The Almohads after the defeat of Al-Uqab

The rise of the Byzantine empire Historians’ opinions about its establishment The crises facing the empire Political stability and economic turmoil Persian and Germanic attacks Paganism and its shortcomings Tue era 0f emperor Diocletian, his administrative reforms Building Constantinople The death of Constantine and the decline of the empire Apostasy to paganism, sectarian differences Teutonic attacks The era of emperor Diocletian The era of emperor Constantine the great Cultural manifestations of the Byzantine state, the fall of the byzantine state

Relationbetween the East and the West Medieval societies Origins of European history The empire and Christianity Barbarians and the fall of the empire in the west The Byzantine empires’ stance towards the Barbarians Medieval Italy, the papacy, and the western church Charlemagne and the Frankish empire Germany and the revival of the holy Roman empire Medieval Italy, the papacy, and the western church Landmarks, systems, and civilization in the Seljuk state England under the Norman rule The political history of Egypt in the Ptolemaic era Subjugation of the Seljuk kingdom, Egypt to a Roman state

The importance of the English language in historical research Study and memorize the translation system Common Arabic and English letters Translated terms in general history Translated terms in ancient history Translated terms in Middle history Translated terms in modern and contemporary history Selected texts in ancient history Selected texts in Middle history Selected texts in modern and contemporary history Translating historical and cultural texts into English Translating historical terms into English Analysis of historical terms Training in using the dictionary and translation

The conditions of the Arab states in the late Rashidun era, and the transition of the caliphate to the Umayyads Muawiya bin Abi Sufyan and the establishment of the state: internal political events during his reign Muawiya’s foreign policy and his relations with neighboring countries Muawiya’s death and the succession of Yazid to the caliphate, political events. The era of Yazid. The movement of Husain ibn Ali. The movement of Abdullah ibn Al-Zubair The death of Yazid. The succession of Muawiya the second. The transition of the caliphate to the Marwanid branch. The political events during the caliphate of Marwan ibn Al-Hakam The caliphate of Abdul-Malik ibn Marwan. Internal political events. Opposition movement. Shia. Ibn Al-Zubair movement. And the Kharijites Abdul Malik’s foreign policy. The Eastern front, the Byzantine front, the North African front Abdul Malik’s administrative policy, the Arabization movement, Arabization of administrative, Arabization of coinage, and his death Al-walid bin Abdul Malik, his internal policy, his foreign policy, the Eastern front of Transoxiana, Sindh, the Byzantine front, the north Africa front, the conquest of Andalusia, and his death Suleiman bin Abdul Malik,his internal and foreign policy, the caliphate of Omar bin Abdul-Aziz The caliphate of Yazid bin Abdul Malik, his internal and foreign policy, the emergence of Abbasid dawa, and his death The caliphate of Hisham bin Abdul Malik and the conditions of the state during his reign, the caliphate of Al-walid bin Yazid The caliphate of Yazid bin Al-walid, the caliphate of Marwan bin Muhammad Al-jadi and the end of the state Characteristics of the Umayyad state, the features of its civilization, and the reasons of its fall

This course aims to define the computer, its components, structures, and parts, the specializations and development of computer generations, its classifications, the physical and moral parts of the computer, the representation of data inside the computer (entry - storage - processing), numerical systems (binary - octal - hexadecimal - hexadecimal). The conversion shows Numerical systems - types of programs and computer languages, check writing, the Internet, computer protection from viruses, different generations of the computer, files, disks and directories.

The circumstances surrounding the Islamic east and Europe west Motives of the crusade movement The Turks and the revival of Muslim power The near east in the late eleventh century Call for the first crusade The first crusade, establishing the emirate Edessa The road to Jerusalem, the organization of conquest, the invasion of Palestine The Jerusalem conflict, Islamic forces in the Levant and Iraq The second crusade, the third crusade. The most famous Ionian kings and princes The organization of the Ayyubid state, works of Emad al-Din Zengi The fourth crusade. Works of Nuri al-Din Zengi The just king Mahmoud Zengi. The sixth crusade Emperor Fredrick II, the seventh crusade The results of the crusades, the paths of Islamic civilization to Europe

The beginning of the era of independent states Kharjites in Maghreb The Aghlabids The Idrisism The fall of the Aghlabids state The Almoravids and the battle of Zallaqa Fatimds Almohads The battle of the Ark Beni Ghanainan revolution The Hafsids The battle of Al-Uqab The collapse of Muslim power in Andalusia The Almohads after the defeat of Al-Uqab

Definition of documents, the most important types of documents, the role of documents in the world according to their antiquity The development of the preservation system in Egypt before the establishment of the book, the French national archives The British archive Access system at the British archives American archives, systems for accessing documents in the American archives Definition of the manuscript, problems encountered in the manuscript The first written text, the first classification Paper and papermaking tradition The origin of texts, the ranks of copies How to collect assets, examining copies Verification, verification of the author’s name Verification of the attribution of the book to its author, verification of the text Introduction to the verification of the text Transcription error and deliberate alterations

The Islamic world in the late Umayyad era, factors of the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate The Abbasid Da’wa and the stages of its development Bani Abbas ascended the throne of the Islamic caliphate Caliphate of Abu Jafar Al-Mansur The internal conditions of the Abbasid caliphate during the reign of Al-Mansur (the disobedience of Abdullah bin Ali, the end of Abu Muslim Al-kharasani, the departure of Muhmmed al-Nafs Al-Zakiyya) Building Baghdad The caliphate of Muhammad al-Mahdi and Musa al-Hadi Internal conditions during the era of the caliphs Al-Mahdi and Al-Hadi (the heretics movement, the Al-Muqni) Abbasid-Byzantine relations during the Mahdi and Al-Hadi eras The caliphate of Harun Al-Rashid The most important internal events during the era of Al-Rashid, (the Kiharrite Movement, the Nakba of Baramkeh- unrest in the Levant, Africa, and kharasan) Foreign relations of the Abbasid caliphate during the reign of the Al-Rashid (relations with Byzantines and the Franks) The caliphate of Muhammed Al-Amin and Abu Abdullah Al-Ma’mun (the reasons of the conflict between Al-Amin and Abu Abdullah Al-Ma’mun over the throne of the caliphate) The emergence of the independent states from the Abbasid caliphate

A glimpse into the history of Libya before the ArabIslamic conquest The pre-Islamic inhabitants of Libya Motives of the Arab-Islamic conquest to Libya The campaign of Amr ibn Al-Aas against Barqa and Tripoli and his most important work Abdullah bin Saad’s campaign in Africa Muawiya bin Haidej’s campaign against Libya and Africa The first governorship of Uqba bin Nafi’s in Libya The governorship of Abu Al-Muhajir Dinar’s in Libya and Africa The governorship of Zuhair bin Qais Al-balawi, the governorship of Hassan bin al-Numan al-Azdari al-Ghssani The revolution of Okasha bin Ayob Al-safri, and the Ibadi revolution in Tripoli The revolution of Al-Harith bin Talid Al-Hdarami and Abdul-Jabar bin Qais Al-Muradi The conditions of Barqa and Tripoli the days of the Aghlabids, the campaign of Al-abas bin Ahmed bin talon against Tripoli Libya during the Fatimid era, Libya between the Fatimid and the Banu ZiriSahjis Cultural and scientific life in Libya during the middle Islamic era

This course aims to define the computer, its components, structures, and parts, the specializations and development of computer generations, its classifications, the physical and moral parts of the computer, the representation of data inside the computer (entry - storage - processing), numerical systems (binary - octal - hexadecimal - hexadecimal). The conversion shows Numerical systems - types of programs and computer languages, check writing, the Internet, computer protection from viruses, different generations of the computer, files, disks and directories.

Africa in Arabic works The historical roots of Arab-African relations before the emergence of Islam Arabs and the discovery of Africa, the spread of Islam in Africa Factors of the spread of Islam in Africa The routes taken by Islam to Africa The spread of Islam in west Africa The issue of slavery, and the slave trade in Africa The role of Africans in spreading Islam in the west of Africa Arabs and the kingdoms of Western Sudan Centers of culture in Africa, Islam in the west of Africa, Timbuktu, Kanem The kingdoms and the Sultanates of south and west Africa, the kingdom of Ghana, the kingdom of Mali, the sultanate of Sengai Arabs in the east of Africa before Islam, the establishment of the sultanate of Zanzibar The Arab incursion onto the Christian kingdom of Abyssinia and Nuba, manifestations of Arab Islamic civilization in Africa

Etymology and reform. demographics The Iberian Peninsula before the Islamic conquest Motives and introductions to the conquest Stages of the conquest, Tariq bin Ziad’s campaign The battle of Shaduna and the conquest of Cordoba, Toledo and their surroundings Mussa bin Nussyr campaign Settlement of Muslim Arabs in Andalusia Conquests of Muslim Arabs in northern Spain, Al-Aal (France) The entry of Abd Al-Rahman al-Dakihil ibn Muawiya into Andalusia and the establishment of the Umayyad emirate Caliphas of Abd al-Rahman al-Dakihil, ministry in Andalusia (Muhammed bin Abi Amir) Internal movements and strife in Andalusia during the Umayyad era, external dangers surrounding Andalusia during the Umayyad ear The states of the Taifa kings (the Banu al-Ibad, the Banu Jahur, the Banu Hud) the state of Taifas and the conflict with the Christian Spanish kingdoms The entry of Almoravids into Andalusia, the battle of Zallaqa 497 h, the elimination of the Taifa kings And the unification of Andalusia

An overview of the political situation in the Arab world after the fall of Baghdad The importance of the Arab world in terms of geographical location Holy places, population, the diversity of resources in the Arab world Mangol invasion: the origin of the Mangols, the first Mangol invasion, the second Mangol invasion The entry of the Mangols into Baghdad and the overthrow of the Abbasid caliphate. Iraq after the fall of Baghdad The Mongolian advance on Mosul and the Levant The Occupation of Aleppo, conditions of the Levant after the fall of Baghdad, conditions of the Nile valley countries after the fall of Baghdad Confronting the Mangol invasion, the battle of Ain Jalut The conditions of the Arabian Peninsula after the fall of Baghdad Tamerlane’s campaigns against the Arab world Safavid invasion of the Arab world Kingdoms in the Arab world Kingdoms in the Levant, kingdoms in Iraq, kingdoms in Egypt The Safavid and Ottoman conflict and its impact on the Arab world Political developments in Maghreb, political developments in Andalusia

The translation movement in the Middle ages, the most prominent translators, the causes and results of translation Islamic sciences, exegesis of Quran, the science of Quranic readings, the science of hadith and Sunnah, Islamic jurisprudence Arabic language science (literature and grammar) Medical sciences, medicine, the medical impact of the Arabs and their innovations and scientists. Hospitals: definitions and types Pharmacology Mathematical sciences Astronomy Chemistry Mechanics Botany, Zoology Geology Geography, History Arts The most important Arab and Muslim scientists

The political situation in North Africa before the establishment of the Fatimid state The establishment of the Fatimid state, the origin of the Fatimid state, Aldawa, the Shia Islam in north Africa, the first pioneers, the role of Abu Abdullah Al-Da’i Ubayd Allah al- Magdi’s journey to the Maghreb. The caliphate of Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi The caliphate of Al-Qa’im ba’mr Allah The caliphate of Al-Mansur Bnasrallah Conditions in Egypt before the Fatimids settled The caliphate of Al-Muizz LdenAllah, the transition of the Fatimid caliphate to Egypt and Islamic east, and the construction of the caliphate’s headquarters and Al-azhar mosque in the city of Cairo The caliphate of Al-aziz bllah The caliphate of Al- Hakem ba’mrAllah The caliphate of Al-Daher. The caliphate of Al-Mustanser bllah The decline and fall of the Fatimid caliphate under the rule of the Viziers The decline and fall of the Fatimid caliphate under the rule of the Viziers Political, administrative, economic and financial systems during the Fatimid era Social life, arts, and architecture during the Fatimid era, the end of the Fatimid state

The Arab world before the Ottman rule. The importance of the location of the Arab world. Political, economic, and social conditions Ottman control over the Levant, Egypt, and Hijaz. Ottman control over Iraq, Yemen, south and east of Arabian Peninsula Control over Maghreb except of Marrakesh The Arab world political, economic, and social conditions under the Ottman rule Separates independence movement from the Ottman empire. Zahir al-Omar’s movement in Palestine. Fakhr ad-Din al-Ma’ani’s movement in Lebanon Ahmed al-Jazzar’s movement in the Levant. Al-Azm family in Syria. Muhammed Ali in Egypt The Qaramanli dynasty in Libya, the Husasein dynasty in Tunisia The European ambitions in the Arab world during the 17th century until world war I. the French campaign on Egypt and the Levant 1797 AB French occupation of Algeria. French occupation of Tunisia Imposing French protection on Al-Maghreb 1912 The British colonialism of Egypt and Sudan Italian colonialism in Libya The British colonialism of Iraq, southern the Arabian Peninsula and the Arabia Gulf Reform and awaking movement in the Arab world, factors of the weakness of the Ottman empire and its impact on the Arab countries

The Ottman-Spanish conflict and its impact on the Maghreb, Spanish colonialism of Tripoli 1520AP, the Libyan resistance to the Spanish colonialism. Tripoli’s conditions under the Spanish rule Spain ceded on Tripoli to the knights of saint John, ruling of the knights of saint John over Tripoli 1530-1551 Libya under the Ottmans rule, Ottmans coming to Libya, administrative system, the era of pashas 1551-1603AD, the era of Deyas 1603-1711AD, the revolutions that took place against the Ottmans The rise of the Qaramanli dynasty Ahmed pasha Al-Qaramanli, the works of Ahmed pasha, his death The era of Muhammed pasha The ruling of Ali Burghal Yousif pasha Qaramanli, his works The Libyan-American war Ali al-Qaramanli and the end of the Qaramanli rule The second Ottman era. The factors that led to the return of the Ottman to the rule Study of the most important governors, and their most important works Political and administrative systems followed in the state European ambitions in Libya

Landmarks of modern European history, manifestation of the middle ages, features of the European history The European renaissance, its factors of establishment, centers and manifestations Geographical explorations, its causes. Spanish explorations, Portuguese explorations. French and English explorations. Results of geographical explorations Modern European colonialism, causes and factors. European colonialism of Africa. Berlin conference. The colonialism of Asia Religious reform movement, Martin Luther. The protestant movement, John Calvin. Catholic reform. The council of Trent. The Inquisition court The thirty-years war, its causes, the four phases, the peace of Westphalia East Europe in 17th century. Russia under peter the great. The era of French supremacy French revolution, its causes, events, Europe stance on it Napoleon Bonaparte and the French empire Congress of Vienna and peace settlements 1814-1815 AB The era of revolutions in Europe. Italian unification 1870 German unification 1871 The industrial revolution and its effect. England industrial revolution, the spread of the industrial revolution and its results The movement of the colonial expansion in the 19th century. The balance of power in Europe before world war I

Civilization in language and terminology, factors of its establishment Political system in Islam, the Caliphate, the Vizierate The Emirate, the Hijaba, the writing The administrative system, the diwans, the Barid Judicial system, grievance judiciary, Hisba, police Financial and economic system, Treasury, state expenditures, Mint, trade, industry Military system, Army, navy Social life, woman in Islamic society, classes in Islamic society Arab Islamic arts, architecture, building mosques and cities, ornamentation, taswir Scientific life in Islam, religious sciences, social sciences (history, geography, philosophy) Natural sciences (arithmetic, chemistry, physics) Medicine, pharmacology) The movement of translation and transmission, its causes and results The influence of Arab civilization on the world, Europe, Africa

Discovering Africa in the modern age The motivation for European colonialism in Africa Slavery trade Portuguese colonialism in Africa Spanish colonialism in Africa Dutch colonialism in Africa, the activities of the Dutch Eastern India company, the formulation of the cap colony and activities of the Boers therein, the Boer migration and its causes, the war between the Boers and the English and the establishment of the union of south Africa Belgian colonialism in Africa, and the activities of the king Leopold Berlin conference 1884/1885 resolutions and outcomes Italian colonialism in Africa, the formation of the Italian colony German colonialism in Africa French colonialism in Africa, the formation of the French colony The British colonialism in Africa, and the formation of the British colony The establishment of Liberia World war I and its impact on Africa

Geographical features of Asia Economical features The historical and cultural context The beginning of colonial penetration in Asia China in the 17th and the 20th centuries The first and the second Opium war The Opium war and colonial expansion The Taiping movement The Boxer rebellion The Chinese-Japanese war The Chinese revolution 1949 The cultural revolution 1960 Japan since 1853 The Meiji reform movement The modern Japanese renaissance

Prelude to the Italian invasion and the Libyan’s stance on it, Libya before the occupation. The bank of Rome and its role in paving the way for invasion. Exploratory missions to Libya, European competition over the occupation of Libya, the national and Turkish stance on the Italian penetration in Libya The beginning of the Italian penetration in Libya, the Italian warning to the Ottoman authorities, the Italian government declares war on the Ottoman empire. The ottoman stance on the declaration of the war, the occupation of Tripoli October 1911. The battle of Al-Hani and Shatt street October 1911 Occupation of Tobruk, occupation of Derna October 1911. Occupation Benghazi October 1911, occupation of Al-khms Italian government announcement, annexation of Tripoli and Barqa to the Italian crown Battle of Bu Kamash Occupation of Zuwara Occupation of Misurata The peace of Lausanne 1912 and its impact on the Jihad movement, negotiations between Turkey and Italy. the Turkish withdrawal from Tripoli and Barqa, the national position on peace, the Aziziya conference, the effect of the Lausanne peace on the Jihad movement Italian penetration into the country after the peace of Lausanne, the battle Jandoba 1913, the campaign against Fezzan, the battle of Ashkada, the battle of Mahruqa and the battles of Barqa, the battle of Sidi karim al-Qarbaa World war I and the Jihad movement, the Jihad movement in Fezzan 1914 Jihad movement in the western region The battle of Qardabiya and results The appearance of Idris Al-Senussi on the political scene in Barqa, negotiations with Italy, Zueitina-Ikrimah agreement The Tripolitan republic 1918, the founding stage, the Meslata conference November 1918. The Italian and international stance on the Tripolitan republic, the Ghryan conference The Libyan Jihad movement between the wars, Al-Rajma agreement, Abu Maryam agreement Sirte conference1922 Battle of Qasr Hamad 1922 sharif hotel conference April 1922 The Italian campaigns on the Qibla, battle of Taqrift The Jihad movement in Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar led by omar Al- Mukhtar, the most prominent features of the Jihad movement in this period. Unified leadership roles, Jihad battles led by Omar Al-Mukhtar. the capture and execution of Omar Al-Mukhtar The Italian policy of oppression and the extermination against Libyan, the detention centers, and damage resulting from exile and extermination Sources of supply in the Jihad movement, types and sources of supply, external supply, internal supply

The origin of the Ottoman Turks: establishment of the emirate, the time of Osman, the establishment and expansion of the state, the era of Orhan Murad khan I, his work The state during the reign of Sultan Bayezid ibn Murad The era of victory: Muhammed I Sultan Muhammed II and conquest of Constantinople, expansion into Europe Sultan Bayezid II The era of prosperity, Selim I, Suleiman Al-Qanunei and expansion towards the east and control of the Arab world The Ottoman system of government, administration, military, institution, financial regulations The age of weakness, Selim II, Murad IV The age of decline and the rise of decentralized regional administrations The era of decadence, the Ottoman conventions movement, Selim III, Murad II, the elimination of charitable organizations Abdul Majed and charitable organizations (Sharif Kalkhana script 1839, Humayun script 1856, Abdul Hamid II, the constitution) The era of the fall, the young Turk revolution of 1908-1909, the stance of the young Turk on the first world war World war I and ends of the Ottoman empire

European alliances and the balance of power, the triple alliance, the end of Bismarck, the Russian-French alliance, the Anglo-Japanese entente, the Anglo-French entente, the Russian-French entente Crises leading up to world war I, the Russian-Japanese war, the green island crises, the Bosnia and Herzegovina crises, the Agadir crises, the Italian-Ottman war, the Balkan war World war I, its causes, the events of the war, the role of the USA in world war I, the peace conference, peace treaties Bolshevik revolution, reconciliation conference and peace agreements Europe between the wars, league of nations The fascist regime in Italy The Nazi regime in Germany Crises leading up to world war II, the Chinese-Japanese war, and the Italian-Ethiopian war World war II, direct and indirect causes Spanish civil war- annexation of Austria by Hitler The Polish-German crises The war and its events, the end of the war and peace negotiations

The student chooses a research topic, under the supervision of one of the department professors, so that the steps of historical research are applied, starting with choosing the objectives and results of the basics of the research. Upon completion of the research, a committee of department professors is formed to discuss the research

What is philosophy? The concept of the philosophy of history, the relation of history to philosophy, the integration between the work of the historian and the philosopher Making history, characters or civilizations. History is made characters; history is made by civilizations Theories of the philosophy of history. The theory of divine providence, Saint Augustine Theory of cyclical succession: Vico The theory of progress: Voltaire, Condorcet The meeting of human action with divine planning, Kant’s interpretation of general history in its universal sense Dimensions of the philosophy of history. The metaphysical dimension of Hegel, metaphysics and logic as foundation of the philosophy of history, the role of the state the course of global history The economic dimension of Karl Marks and Engels, Hegelian Dialectics, Feuer Bach’s material. The materialist interpretation of history Spengler’s biological dimension, the relation between history and philosophy, the idea of contemporaneity between civilizations, the idea of destiny, the stage of civilization and the decline of civilization Toynbe’s religious civilizational dimension, criticism of historians and philosophers of history, challenge and response theory, advantages of the theory, collapse of civilization and factors for its rise Islamic civilization in the light of the theory of challenge and response Islamic interpretation of history, the role of nomadism, the role of prohibition, the role of decline, and other reasons for extinction of states and civilizations The factors that lead to the fall of civilizations, the cycle of days among people, the ages of civilization, intellectual and material invasion The fate of western civilization

The concept of international relations, the nature of international relations, and its connection to the rest of sciences, the influential factor in international relations The contemporary theory in the study of international relations: The ideal school Political realism Behavioral school The course of international relations before world war II, the international reality after the end of the war II, and the capitalist bloc led by the USA, the bloc of socialist states led by the Soviet Union International political relations in the era of international organizations, the league of nations International political relations in the era of the united nations, the founding stage, the organization’s charter, and the role of the united nations in addressing international issues International alliances and the balance of power, NATO, Warsaw pact, Sato pact, Baghdad pact Balance of power theory International relations in the light of the cold war Definition of the cold war The containment policy and international polarization in the light of the cold war The missile crisis in Cuba, the Vietnamese war. The Eisenhower doctrine and filling the void. Manifestation of the cold wart The Korean war International relations between peaceful coexistence and the crises of international reconciliation peaceful coexistence the most prominent manifestations of peaceful coexistence - international reconciliation its causes and crisis The non-Aligned movement The Bandung conference The emergence of the principles and goals movement The challenges faced and facing the non-Aligned movement the non-Aligned movement and international relations the impact of the non-Aligned movement on international balance, the non-Aligned movement and new world order Reasons of the decline of the movement New international variables and their repercussion on the international relations Collapse of the socialist system Collapse the Soviet Union The imbalance of power and the dominance of the American pole in international relations Middle east and international relations

Conditions of Libya in the late Ottoman era The rise and development of the Sanusi movement The Italian invasion of Libya, the Italian peaceful penetration into Libya, the causes and the beginning of the invasion, the treaty of Lausanne The national resistance movement against colonialism, until world war I Tripoli Republic 1918 Omar Al-Mukhtar and the jihad movement, exile and detention centers Libya under Italian occupation 1931- 1943 Libya under the rule of the British and French administrations 1943 -1951 Libya in the international field, the United Nations and the Libyan issue The emergence of political parties and their political role, (Political groups) Quartet investigation committee to discuss the future of Libya Political and constitutional developments in Libya, independence of Barqa, committee of Twenty-one, National constituent Assembly (Committee of sixty) Independence of Libya, Idris Al-senussi as king of the country, form of the state, system of government, ministry, executive authority, administrative system The political situation of the kingdom 1951-1969, successive ministries, abolition of the federal system

European colonialism in Africa at the outbreak of world war I Collapse of Spanish colonialism Collapse of French colonialism Collapse of British colonialism Collapse of Portuguese colonialism The political and economic situation in Africa between the two wars Independence of the Spanish colonies Independence of the French colonies Independence of the Portuguese colonies The problems left by European colonialism on the continent, the problem of borders, the problem of economic backwardness, the problem of social backwardness, the problem of racial discrimination, the end of the problem ofdiscrimination and apartheid African conferences, First conference 1900 The second and third conference The fourth and fifth conference Organization of African unity, conference of African states, Arab-African relations

The development of the Arab issue before and after world war I, the correspondence of Sharif Hussein-McMahon, the Sykes-Pico agreement, the Balfour declaration and repercussion. The peace conference, the San Remo conference and the mandate system, and their implications on the future of the Arabs Political development in Syria and Lebanon during the world war I, Syria and Lebanon between the wars, Syria and Lebanon from world war II until independence, the emergence of the emirate of Transjordan during world war II and the establishment of the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan The Palestinian issue and its development between the wars, the development of the Palestinian issue after world war II, the united nations and the partition of Palestine, the 1948 war Political development in Iraq, Iraq during world war I, Iraq between the wars, the revolution of the twenties, Iraq from world war II until the fall of the Monarchy, Iraq in the republican era Political development in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia since its establishment until today Political developments in Yemen, political development in the Arabian Gulf Political development in Egypt, Egypt’s political situation during world war I, the national movement in Egypt between the wars, Egypt after world war II until the July 1952 revolution, the July 1952 revolution The conditions of Sudan during world war I, Sudan between the wars, Sudan from world war II until independence Libya during world war I, Libya between the wars, Libya from world war II until independence, Libya under Monarchy Tunisia during world war I, Tunisia between the wars, Tunisia from world war II until independence, Tunisia under the role of Abu Ruqiba Algeria during world war I, political developments in Algeria between the wars, Algeria during world war II, the Algerian revolution and achieving independence The national movement in Morocco during world war I, Morocco between the wars, Morocco from world war II until independence Mauritania from colonialism to independence. French colonization of Mauritania, the emergence of political parties in Mauritania, achieving independence Political developments in Somalia, Somalia from colonialism until independence The establishment of the Arab league, the Gulf cooperation council, the Arab Maghreb union, and their role in developing Arab relations

Japan and World War II Korea, geographical location, historical and economic features Japan-China conflict over Korea Russian-Korean war India from colonialism to independence Pakistan China Vietnam fromcolonialism to independence French colonization inVietnam War against the United States Indonesia from colonialism to independence Dutchcolonialism inIndonesia, national resistance movement the path toindependence Indonesia after independence and during the contemporary period Thailand, Myanmar (Burma)

The conditions of the new world before the arrival of the Europeans, the civilizations of the Aztecs, the Mayans and the Lncas The movement of geographical European discoveries and factors behind its establishment, the discovery of sea routes Spanish geographical discoveries in south and central America, the voyages of Magellan and Columbus English geographical discoveries in north America, Dutch geographical discoveries in north America, results of the discoveries in the new world European competition on the new world, Spanish colonialism in America, English colonies in the new world The English settlement company in north America, the English expansion in Canada, the relation with native Americans Anglo-French conflict in the new world The American revolution of 1776, the American war of independence, its (causes, developments, events, results) independence and constitution The united states of America from independence to the civil war, the most important figures of presidency in the USA The American civil war, its causes and consequences, Europe’s stance on the American civil war The United States of America and its policy expansion in Europe and Asia, the policy of the united states of America towards Japan and China Expansion in the Caribbean and central America, the issue of Cuba and Mexico Expansion into the Pacific Ocean The role of the USA in world war I and II